Individual And Family Structured Therapy Models Essay

Within both individual and family structured therapy models, there exists pros and cons. Individual therapy, as mentioned before, is centered around a client–counselor interaction, where the counselor focuses his or her attention on the client’s needs. This provides a one–on–one interaction that encourages openness and security. During individual therapy, the client has the counselors undivided attention. This in return allows the counselor to focus specifically on the clients concerns. As we’ve explored already, individual therapy has proven to be an effective technique in reducing recidivism. One form of psychotherapy used by the criminal justice system is cognitive behavioral therapy. As mentioned previously, cognitive behavioral therapy assumes that most people can become conscious of their own thoughts and behaviors and therefore make a positive change. To make a positive change, its important to understand the theory behind behavior. Cognitive theory of motivation seeks to explain human behavior as a product of information that has been actively processed and interpreted. This perspective runs counter to rationalizing human behavior as automatic responses governed by innate drives, needs, and reactions. Proponents of cognitive motivation assert that people’s expectations guide their behavior. Motivation, is therefore rooted in two basic factors. The first involves available information. Initially, the individual will process a situation based on whatever input isShow MoreRelatedMultiple Therapeutic Models of a Family1285 Words   |  5 PagesMultiple Therapeutic Models of a Family Name Institutional Affiliation Date: Multiple Therapeutic Models of a Family The main components of structural therapy Structural therapy is a family treatment model founded on the frameworks of systems theory. 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Therapists help clients to overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. A System of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy, and treatment is based on an elaborated and empirically

Tuskegee Syphilis Study Free Essays

Clinton Kopas Susan Gabriel English 102 December 1, 2011 The Goal of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Research studies are constantly being conducted in order to improve certain aspects of human life and knowledge. In many cases, these research studies involve human test subjects. One of the more famous studies involving human test subjects was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study that began in 1932. We will write a custom essay sample on Tuskegee Syphilis Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most have heard of this study, few would ever claim that any good came of it. What had originally been a research study aimed at improving knowledge dealing with syphilis in the black male, turned into an extremely long and detrimental study that damaged hundreds of lives. Considering the damage that was done to the subjects and their families, it is easy to wonder if this study actually provided any real advances in medicine or medical knowledge. The origin of the study had good motives, being that it was to promote the health of blacks in the South. The U. S. Public Health Service collaborated with the Julius Rosenwald Fund to conduct demonstration programs to control syphilis in southern counties. This failed due to funding issues, and the project had to be scrapped. However, the PHS was anxious â€Å"to salvage something of value from the project† (Thomas). So in 1932, a group of doctors recruited a total of 399 syphilis infected black men from Macon County, Alabama to participate in a study concerning the study of â€Å"bad blood†. The organizers took their initial idea and converted â€Å"the original treatment program into a nontherapeutic human experiment aimed at compiling data on the progression of the disease on untreated African-American males† (Herried; Fourtner; Fourtner). This study became formally known as the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male (Herried; Fourtner; Fourtner; Thomas). The formal name that was applied to this study may imply the true motives of the researchers behind it. The study was not necessarily meant to find major breakthroughs in medicine, but to simply study the effects of untreated syphilis. The researchers attempted to justify what they were doing by saying it was going to be for a greater good, and that these men got more treatment than they would have gotten otherwise. This may be true in a sense, but the men in the study were still intentionally withheld from treatment once penicillin was known to cure syphilis. By 1948, penicillin was known to be the most and best effective cure for syphilis. The study went on for 22 more years even though a cure had been found. There is no point in attempting to learn anything more about an infection when a cure has been found. The only treatment that the infected men received was treatment involving arsenicals and heavy metals. This type of treatment was not nearly as effective and researchers knew it would not cure the men entirely, just keep them from being infectious (Reverby). It might not be going too far to even say that the researchers were conducting this experiment on the basis of pure curiosity. After all, there could not be much advancement made just studying the effects of syphilis in blacks compared to whites. Much about syphilis had already been known prior to the beginning of the Tuskegee Study. German scientists had already discovered most of what there is to know about syphilis over 20 years before the Tuskegee experiments had begun. The cause of syphilis, the stages of the diseases development, and the complications . . . . were all known to medical science in the early 1900’s† (Herried; Fourtner; Fourtner). It has been stated by many journalists and even some that were involved in the experiment, that nothing was gained from this long and drawn out experiment. All signs begin to point that it truly was an experiment based solely on curiosity. The black men that participated in the study were poor sharecroppers that would do and believe anything that the doctor told them. Most of these men had never even seen a doctor before in their lives. These men were promised free medical care for their bad blood, and drawn in by signs that claimed â€Å"last chance for treatment†. The doctors and scientists conducting the research had church leaders and other respected members of the community help to enlist people to participate in the study. The researchers even enlisted the help of a black nurse and admired her ability to help them gain the trust of the participants. If the researchers needed to lie to a group of people in order to conduct their experiment, these men would have been some of these easiest to fool (Infoplease; Thomas). The researchers that were involved in the Tuskegee Study are said to have been fairly liberal for the time and open to the education of blacks. However it seems that there was some sort of racist mind set involved in this scheme. The researchers seem to have had no regard to other human life and treated the men like lab rats. The researchers even made sure that their goal would not be interrupted by others. They went to great lengths to make sure all medical professionals in the area participated in the study and gave orders not to give treatment to the men. The black men were even excluded from the draft during WWII to keep their research from being interrupted (Herried; Fourtner; Fourtner; Thomas) As the years went by, the study did not become less organized and forgotten. There were meetings held and new people were added to the project. The experiment was constantly reviewed throughout the years as the focus changed. Ethical issues were not brought up until halfway through the 1960’s, over 30 years after the experiment had begun. During the 1950’s, the focus turned to the aging of syphilis and the negative impact it had on the body. It was quite clear that syphilis caused great damage over time and would shorten the life span of the host. Even at this point in the study, when so many men had passed away and others had gone unaccounted for, the study continued. The researchers believed that the study had gone on for so long that the men were untreatable anyways, even with use of penicillin (Herried; Fourtner; Fourtner). To continue a research study like this and deny men treatment just on the basis of curiosity seems too unethical to be true. But all signs point to this especially when considering another research study that took place during the same time period. From 1946 to 1948, the American government performed research in Guatemala that involved intentionally infecting Guatemalan subjects with syphilis. The idea was to test the effectiveness of penicillin on different stages of syphilis. A very interesting detail is that a man by the name of Dr. John C. Cutler was involved not only in the Guatemalan study, but the Tuskegee study as well. It is strange that although Dr. Cutler was involved in both experiments, he did not choose to test the effectiveness of penicillin on the men who were already infected with syphilis in the Tuskegee Study. Instead, he and his colleagues chose to allow syphilis infected prostitutes to sleep with Guatemalan prisoners. This truly shows the ethical value that the researchers held and what their true motives were (Villaroasa). Dr. Cutler and the other men involved in the Tuskegee research had no interest in any kind of advancement with the prevention of syphilis. A kind of bureaucracy was formed that helped fuel this unethical study. Men who were involved in the Tuskegee study would be promoted to surgeon general of the U. S. Public Health Service. Dr. Cutler even obtained the position of assistant surgeon general in the PHS. Dr. Cutler defended the integrity of the study up until his death (Thomas; Villarosa) It is hard to imagine that an idea that began with such good intentions could have turned into the catastrophe that was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The men who conducted this study seemed to have been fueled by a strange curiosity that they masked with the idea of medical advancement. It is clear that the researchers did not view people with darker skin colors as equal, as they treated them like lab animals. It is evident and even admitted by some involved in the study that there were no advances in medicine because of the study. The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male only came to a close because of a national press release in 1972. By this time, over 370 men that had been used for research were either dead or believed to be dead. If the researchers had any true notion to help them, that number would have been much smaller. Not only had this study affected the men directly involved in it; it affected the men’s wives and their children as well. There is no questioning the goal of the experiment being to see what would happen to someone if syphilis was left untreated. The doctors could have only continued this experiment based off of some strange curiosity. It is possible that some of them may have believed what they were doing was for the better, but that is hard to imagine. Nothing was gained from the experiments in the Tuskegee Study. The only possible advancement would be the understanding of ethics for future research. Works Cited Fourtner, A. W. , C. R. Fourtner, and C. F. Herreid. â€Å"†Bad Blood†: A Case Study of the Tuskegee Syphilis Project. Philosophy. tamucc. edu. Texas AM University. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. Reverby, Susan M. â€Å"Listening to Narratives from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. † Lancet 377. 977B (2011): 1646-647. TheLancet. com – Home Page. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. Thomas, Stephen B. â€Å"The Legacy of Tuskegee. † Thebody. com. HealthCentral Network, Jan. -Feb. 2000. Web. 15 N ov. 2011. â€Å"The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. † Infoplease. com. Pearson Education, 2007. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. Villarosa, Linda. â€Å"The Guatemala Syphilis Experiment’s Tuskegee Roots. † Theroot. com. The Slate Group, 02 Oct. 2010. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. How to cite Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Essay examples

Effects of Age on Body Structure and Functions

Questions: 1. Effects of age on body structure and functions.2. Impact of medical conditions on body structure and functions.3. Effects of Marys medical condition including infection to her routine care. Answers: 1. Effects of age on body structure and functions This part of the report deals with the consequences of age on the structure and functions of the body on a 78-year-old woman, Mary. It is said,Time takes its toll on the body. The inevitable event in the life of anyone is the of process aging. When any person reaches this stage of life, the changes in the body become less appeal in the eyes of others (Asemi et al. 2013). At the age of 78, the body part that is most affected of a woman is her skin. Skin is termed as the largest organ of the body. Her skin had lost the elasticity. The glow of her entire skin had also lost. Small lines had appeared on her face, running from everywhere to everywhere and gradually deeper wrinkles would also appear. All the muscles of her face would lose the flexibility, which would result into the drooping down of her cheeks, upper and lower lips and jowls and eyelids. Her eyes would also lose their capacity to produce tears. Thus, vision capacity would also decrease. She would even suffer from a gradual hearing loss due to the thinning of the auditory canal and thickening of the eardrum. These muscles of the body would lose the strength and flexibility with age (Binnewijzend et al. 2013). Mary would also face several functional changes. On one hand her heart, which is a muscle would become less capable of pumping blood throughout her body and on the contrary, she will have fats deposited in her blood vessels. As a result, the vessels would lose the elasticity. Such combination would lead to the decrease in the efficiency of the heart muscle, and blocked arteries would stop the proper blood flow to the different parts of the body. This would result in hypertension, minor as well as major heart attack and even heart or brain stroke (Cruikshank 2013). As the age of Mary is 78, she would also suffer from several nervous disorders. Numerous nerves in the human body lose the function with the growing age. The nerves would be unable to pass the signals between them for which there would be a lack of coordination among brain cells. Even if a single region of the brain malfunctioned then, the entire brain would fail to function properly. She would also suffer from memory loss and Parkinsons disease, which would subject her to abuses, and self-harm. She would even face sudden severe pains in her veins with her growing age (Williamson et al. 2015). 2. Impact of medical conditions on body structure and functions This part of the paper deals with the effects of hypertension, osteoarthritis, and diabetes on the body structure and functions of the 78-year-old woman, Mary. Hypertension means very high blood pressure. Blood pressure is termed as the amount of energy produced within the arteries and veins. The blood pressure differs from person to person. High blood pressure would result in progressive spoil to the arteries and veins, which could get into the way with blood flow all the way through the body. This would lead to severe stroke both of the heart and the brain, several heart ailment and failure of the heart. The other parts of the body together with the kidneys, limbs, eyes and heart also would even suffer from several damages. Severe chest pains and very irregular heart rhythms would also accompany her. She would lack a sound sleep, which would make her look pale (Malekzadeh et al. 2013). The dreadful conditions that involve the generative disease of joints, subchondral bone and articular cartilage due to the mechanical pressure on that area are termed as Osteoarthritis. It can affect any of the joints of the body, but mostly it occurs in the hands, hips, spine and knees. Usually, the women are concerned with this, as it has been reported that the woman has lesser amount calcium in their body with the increase in age. If this would occur in the fingers, then her fingers would be swollen for some days, and there would be a pain. If this would occur in the knees then the knees would have also been swollen, she would find difficulties in walking and would pain. Similarly, if it would occur in her hips or spine, she would face problem while bending and would gain excessive weight at her hips (Williamson et al. 2015). Insulin is a hormone. When the body fails to produce insulin or utilize the insulin properly then the body is said to suffer from diabetes. Diabetes causes deposition of fat bodies in the walls of the blood vessel. This could cause hardening of the blood vessels by preventing the blood flow (Gregg et al. 2013). This could affect the fingers and legs of her body. Her feet would become very sensitive. She would also suffer from severe pains while walking. Mary would lose the external glow. As she would lose the moisture content, her body would appear dry. She would also lack a peaceful sleep, which would hamper the serenity of her appearance. She would suffer from several functional disorders. If her pancreas would fail to produce insulin or if her body would fail to utilize this insulin then certain alternate hormones are used to produce energy from fats. This, in turn, would result in the generation of several toxic substances consisting of ketone bodies and even acids. Some of the s ymptoms, which she would face, are like fatigue, feeling thirsty and excretion of excessive urine. The breath would even have a fruity smell, which would depict the high level of ketone particles in her blood. Her diabetes would affect her kidneys resulting in losing their ability to filter the waste materials present in her blood. This would finally result in her kidney failure. Diabetes would also result in her gastroparesis, which may cause the symptoms of vomiting, nausea and even heart bum in her. She would gradually become prone to cold and other injuries (Williamson et al. 2015). 3. Effects of Marys medical condition including infection to her routine care This part of the paper discusses the effects of Mary's medical condition including infection to her routine care. The present medical reports of Mary depicted that due to her poor nutrition and medical condition her bones had become thinner and weaker with her age thus; it could easily break during a fall (Lam et al. 2012). Her vision has also begun to deteriorate with age, and this is called macular degeneration. Macula, the part of the eye, which allows people to see in her, was affected due to her age. The Central vision of Mary thus had become blurry, and she would face difficulties in reading and recognizing people (Wannamethee et al. 2012). Another age-related vision problem is glaucoma, which can result in blindness.. A regular medical checkup can solve the vision problem to some extent of Mary, but there would be very slight chance to get back the young age eyesight. Mary had lost the ability to hear the high-frequency sounds hearing the problem. She too had had Alzheimer's d isease (Diniz et al. 2013). In the hospital she even shared, the fear of fall due to her dizziness was increasing gradually. Her fear prevented her to step out of her house alone as she had already lost the stability of her body (Kemmler et al. 2015). She even feared to become lonely if she once goes out of her house. She had lost the ability to remember and think correctly. This had rendered her to do even basic tasks. This had led her to depression and had withdrawn herself from social activities. Due to all these reasons, Mary would require regular proper medical checkup of her bones, eyes ears, and brain. She would also require a proper diet chart so that the nutrition deficiencies within her could be fulfilled and she would have to maintain a proper hygienic condition, which would prevent her from any infection to her health. References Asemi, Z., Samimi, M., Tabassi, Z., Shakeri, H. and Esmaillzadeh, A., 2013. Vitamin D supplementation affects serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in pregnant women. The Journal of Nutrition, 143(9), pp.1432-1438. Binnewijzend, M.A., Kuijer, J.P., Benedictus, M.R., van der Flier, W.M., Wink, A.M., Wattjes, M.P., van Berckel, B.N., Scheltens, P. and Barkhof, F., 2013. Cerebral blood flow measured with 3D pseudo continuous arterial spin-labeling MR imaging in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment: a marker for disease severity. Radiology, 267(1), pp.221-230. Cruikshank, M., 2013.Learning to be old: Gender, culture, and aging.Rowman Littlefield. Diniz, B.S., Butters, M.A., Albert, S.M., Dew, M.A. and Reynolds, C.F., 2013. Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimers disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(5), pp.329-335. Gregg, E.W., Zhuo, X., Cheng, Y.J., Albright, A.L., Narayan, K.V., and Thompson, T.J., 2014. Trends in lifetime risk and years of life lost due to diabetes in the USA, 19852011: a modeling study. The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, 2(11), pp.867-874. Kemmler, W., Teschler, M., Goisser, S., Bebenek, M., von Stengel, S., Bollheimer, L.C., Sieber, C.C. and Freiberger, E., 2015. Prevalence of sarcopenia in Germany and the corresponding effect of osteoarthritis in females 70 years and older living in the community: results of the FOrMosA study. Clinical interventions in aging, 10, p.1565. Lam, F.M., Lau, R.W., Chung, R.C. and Pang, M.Y., 2012. The effect of whole body vibration on balance, mobility and falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas, 72(3), pp.206-213. Malekzadeh, M.M., Etemadi, A., Kamangar, F., Khademi, H., Golozar, A., Islami, F., Pourshams, A., Poustchi, H., Navabakhsh, B., Naemi, M. and Pharoah, P.D., 2013.Prevalence, awareness and risk factors of hypertension in a large cohort of Iranian adult population.Journal of Hypertension, 31(7), p.1364. Wannamethee, S.G., Papacosta, O., Lawlor, D.A., Whincup, P.H., Lowe, G.D., Ebrahim, S. and Sattar, N., 2012. Do women exhibit greater differences in established and novel risk factors between diabetes and non-diabetes than men? The British Regional Heart Study and British Womens Heart Health Study.Diabetologia, 55(1), pp.80-87. Williamson, T., Sikka, R., Tompkins, M. and Nelson, B.J., 2015.Use of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score in a Healthy United States Population.The American journal of sports medicine, p.0363546515616812.